Challenges in PFAS remediation 

Dordrecht, a chemical industry hub, faces widespread contamination from PFOA, a key PFAS compound. Addressing PFAS in soil was a critical priority for the municipality and the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management, who partnered with the Center of Expertise on PFAS to develop an effective PFAS strategy. They also consulted governments and problem owners to investigate how to best address PFAS presence in the vicinity. 

What are PFAS and why are they a concern? 

PFAS (poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances) are contaminants from toxic fluorine compounds. They are used across industries like chemical manufacturing, textiles, electronics, firefighting, aerospace, and automotive, appearing in products such as fire extinguishing foam, Teflon, and stain protection materials. Toxic PFAS compounds like PFOA and PFOS accumulate in soil and water, posing long-term risks to public health and ecosystems, and creating a critical need for ongoing management and remediation. 

Regulations are tightening worldwide. The EU is proposing strict limits and a broad ban on non-essential uses, while the US EPA has set enforceable Maximum Contaminant Levels to promote site-specific remediation. Other countries are also introducing guidelines for PFAS in soil, water, and consumer products to safeguard health and the environment. 

Treatment approaches and technologies 

Arcadis’ comprehensive PFAS inspection program across 25 locations generated essential data for risk assessments. This approach involved implementing a robust sampling protocol, producing a technical information document on dust properties, toxicity, research, and remediation techniques. We also supported the Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment with recommendations for PFOA treatment, and preparing an informative guide on the legal and policy aspects of reuse. 

In addressing soil and water contamination, PFAS treatment methods include filtration with activated carbon or ion exchange, incineration for concentrated waste streams, chemical oxidation, soil washing and stabilization, and thermal treatment. The choice of method depends on site conditions, PFAS concentrations, and regulatory requirements.