Water utilities around the world are at a critical juncture as global water demand rises. Climate change, urban growth, and aging infrastructure are putting unprecedented strain on already limited and precious resources, of which water is key. Research from the World Resources Institute’s Aqueduct Water Risk Atlas puts at least 50% of the world’s population, about 4 billion people, at high risk of facing water stress each year. These risks are not theoretical or in the distant future—they are evidenced today through failing pipelines, service disruptions, and escalating operational and maintenance costs.
This blog is part of our 'AI for Water' series, where we explore how artificial intelligence can transform water utilities. In this perspective, we delve into the practical applications of predictive AI and how it can address some of the water sector’s most pressing challenges, from aging infrastructure to operational inefficiencies.
The state of play and role of predictive vs generative AI
In Europe, systems built over a century ago are grappling with meeting modern infrastructure demands. In the United States, the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) has consistently graded the nation's drinking water infrastructure at a "C-" level, indicating significant deficiencies. Furthermore, in India, water demand is projected to double by 2030 due to population growth.
Despite these pressures, many water utilities still continue to rely on outdated systems that are costly, inefficient, and vulnerable. Failure to innovate could mean widespread disruptions, and moreover, result in huge economic and social costs.
This is not the future; it's happening now. We're past the point where AI is a theoretical solution. It's a necessity. AI offers water utilities the ability to predict problems before they occur, optimize the use of limited resources, and most importantly, ensure service reliability even in the face of climate change and regulatory demands.
A lifeline for the aging infrastructure crisis
Aging infrastructure remains one of the most significant challenges for water utilities worldwide. A critical consequence is non-revenue water—treated water that is distributed but lost before it reaches customers due to leaks, theft, or billing errors. This not only results in billions in lost revenue globally but also leads to waste of valuable energy and resources used to pump, treat, and distribute water, directly contributing to avoidable carbon emissions. The financial consequences add to billions of revenues lost across the globe. In Europe, an umbrella group of water suppliers, EurEau estimates that about 25% of all water distributed is lost, with nearly all of this attributed to leaky pipes. While in the UK, this has led to a staggering 3 billion liters of water being lost every day. And in the US, ASCE's 2021 report card highlighted an estimated 6 billion gallons of treated water lost daily through aging and deteriorating pipes, costing utilities approximately $2.6 billion annually.
These losses are not only a financial burden but also a critical resource challenge, as utilities struggle to meet increasing global water demand amid climate pressures and growing urban populations. The sheer scale of water loss warrants urgent action to address aging infrastructure. Yet, traditional methods of repair and maintenance are often costly and too slow to implement. Furthermore, taking a reactive approach fails to prevent systemic issues or anticipate vulnerabilities. Instead, utilities must embrace smarter, more proactive strategies that tackle the root causes of water loss.
Predict failures before they happen
Aging infrastructure is an issue that will only get worse unless we get smarter about how we manage it. Predictive AI in water management enables utilities to quickly identify potential weak points in their networks, prioritize maintenance efforts, and prevent failures before they occur. By leveraging real-time monitoring and advanced analytics, utilities can minimize water loss and secure their financial and environmental future.
In the UK, the High Speed 2 (HS2) project requires significant water utilities management efforts, including major asset diversions or rerouting, and flood protection and river management. These were supported by advanced analytics through Arcadis’ EDA platform, leveraging AI and machine learning (ML) to ensure data-driven decisions in planning and execution.
By integrating AI and ML through our EDA platform, we are enabling HS2 to tackle complex water management challenges with precision and foresight. This technology analyzes vast datasets, identifying planning patterns and simulating uncertainties across various scenarios. In doing so, it allows us to prioritize actions that mitigate risks, optimize resource use and enhance resilience for both immediate and future challenges. It's a testament of how digital innovation can drive smarter, more sustainable infrastructure solutions.
In the US, Arcadis partnered with the San Antonio Water System (SAWS) to implement an AI-driven asset management system that analyzed variables such as pipe material, age and environmental conditions to predict failure risks. This proactive approach is helping the water utilities management prevent costly disruptions and reduce water loss, enabling them to prioritize investments where they are most needed and extend the lifespan of critical infrastructure.
Accelerating intelligent and responsible infrastructure design
Intelligent water solutions can also support smarter infrastructure planning. Generative design tools allow utilities to simulate multiple design scenarios, incorporating resilience and efficiency into every option. These tools, such as Arcadis’ Asset Generator, which is a cloud-based tool to automate the design and creation of 3D models and facilitates master planning in a GIS environment, speed up the planning and design process while enabling utilities to future-proof their investments, ensuring long-term viability.
AI has leapt to the forefront as a catalyst for businesses to meet their sustainability goals, according to Autodesk's State of Design & Make report. This makes sense, given that crucial sustainability decisions are made during the conceptual phase when AI tools can optimize for specific outcomes. For example, in water, machine-learning and AI-powered capabilities enable users to understand the impacts of drainage designs on their project sites to prevent or reduce the impacts of water disasters. AI is a critical partner in solving the biggest challenges we face and in delivering a more sustainable, equitable and resilient built environment.
Transforming water utilities management and service delivery
Predictive AI is not just about leveraging advanced technology because of the ‘hype’; it accurately pinpoints and addresses long-standing operational inefficiencies and environmental challenges in water utilities. If used right, it can help utilities transform scattered data into actionable insights that drive efficiency, optimize resources, and minimize risks.
Operational efficiency is the low-hanging fruit where AI can deliver immediate results. From reducing energy consumption to optimizing how we use chemicals in treatment, AI enables us to do more with less. This translates directly to savings that can be reinvested into the system.
So, who stands to benefit? Water treatment and distribution system operators can leverage AI in water management to better manage water age and energy use across their networks. Collection systems and wastewater treatment plant operators can make informed operational decisions, translating weather observations with AI into highly accurate flow forecasts. These forecasts allow assets to be brought online proactively and controls to be set at optimal points, maximizing treatment efficiency and minimizing spills.
Process and quality optimization beyond reducing outages
Reducing outages is one of many benefits of predictive AI, but the true potential lies in its ability to optimize operations and quality across the entire utility.
The power of AI lies in its ability to make sense of vast amounts of data in ways humans simply can't. By leveraging AI, we're allowing utilities to move from reactive to proactive modes of operation - saving time, money and critical resources, while improving overall system quality.
AI for water empowers utilities to:
1. Anticipate weather impacts:
Predict stormwater surges and adjust controls to prevent overflows or treatment disruptions.
2. Enhance water flows:
Forecast demand and optimize pumping schedules to ensure a consistent supply and minimize energy usage.
3. Improve water quality:
Detect and mitigate potential quality issues before they escalate, ensuring compliance and safeguarding public health.
In Southern California, Arcadis implemented an AI-powered predictive modelling system that integrates machine learning with an advanced multispecies water quality model (built in Autodesk’s InfoWater Pro platform) to monitor disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Predicting potential spikes enabled the utility to adjust its processes in real time, achieving compliance while delivering better water quality to customers.
Proactively managing greenhouse gas emissions
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions is a pressing challenge for utilities today, particularly nitrous oxide (N₂O), which is 300 times more harmful than carbon dioxide (CO₂) and contributes to ozone layer depletion. Unlike CO₂, N₂O emissions cannot simply be offset. This requires them to be addressed directly at the source, making their accurate prediction and management critical for utilities striving to meet climate goals.
Arcadis partnered with Welsh Water to implement an AI-powered system designed to accurately predict N₂O emissions. By collecting process data from six wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and feeding it into Cobalt Water’s AI (a machine learning-based platform), the system was able to forecast N₂O emissions using operational data alone. The predictions were then corroborated with test hoods using N₂O sensors. The result was a phenomenal correlation of up to 90% accuracy between the AI model and physical measurements.
This breakthrough represents a significant advancement in wastewater treatment. Using only operational data, the AI system was able to predict and proactively manage one of the most harmful greenhouse gases. In the pre-AI era, such precision was unattainable. Now, utilities can take targeted actions to minimize emissions as part of their process optimization strategies, aligning with regulatory requirements, while delivering far better water quality for customers.
Overcoming regulatory complexities and enhancing compliance
As utilities embrace AI in water management, the regulatory environment presents both challenges and opportunities. Governments and regulatory bodies across all regions of the world are increasingly scrutinizing AI to ensure ethical deployment, operational transparency, and data security.
The European Union’s Artificial Intelligence Act, one of the most comprehensive regulations for artificial intelligence that came into effect from 1 August 2024, mandates stringent requirements for transparency and accountability. For water utilities, this means ensuring that AI models used for predictive maintenance or water quality forecasting are safe, transparent, traceable, non-discriminatory, environmentally friendly, and overseen by humans. Similarly, while AI legislations across the U.S. is at various stages, over 30 states have some form of proposed and/or enacted legislation leading to strengthened cybersecurity measures for critical infrastructure to safeguard against data breaches and malicious attacks.
Integrating AI in water management often involves navigating these regulatory complexities. Arcadis conducted independent research in coordination with state regulatory agencies across the United States to understand their stance on AI adoption. Responses varied widely—some indicated that AI use is not explicitly addressed, while others advised that its implementation would require an engineering plan review due to the potential impact on treatment plant effluent quality. These regulatory nuances emphasize the importance of balancing innovation, responsible deployment, and compliance.
Turning compliance into a competitive advantage
Predictive AI for water can help utilities not just meet regulations but often exceed them.
The regulatory environment is constantly shifting, and AI gives utilities the agility to keep up. Whether it's identifying lead service lines or optimizing treatment processes, AI helps us ensure compliance in a world where goalposts are always moving.
While regulatory requirements may often seem burdensome, they also offer an opportunity for utilities to lead the way in ethical and transparent AI deployment. Predictive AI can act as a compliance enabler. For example:
Data-Driven Reporting:
Risk management:
Enhanced accountability:
Preparing the workforce for an AI-driven future
While AI holds great promise, it also presents a challenge: workforce readiness. Utilities are faced with a two-fold problem. On one hand, older workers are retiring at an increasing rate, leaving utilities struggling to fill critical positions. On the other hand, adoption of AI requires a workforce that understands its capabilities and knows how to use it to maximize its potential.
The adoption of predictive AI is as much about people as it is about technology. Without the right workforce strategies, even the most advanced AI systems cannot deliver their full potential. Similar to how the pandemic accelerated the adoption of remote work, these pressures may normalize the use of AI to perform tasks that were once considered too risky or unconventional.
Investing in upskilling
Arcadis is working with utilities in Germany to develop targeted AI training programs. These initiatives ensure workers at all levels are upskilled and equipped with the right skills needed to integrate AI into their daily operations.
AI is not going to replace workers, but it will change the nature of their work. Many in the water workforce will be able to work more efficiently using AI to support decision-making. We need to ensure that the current workforce is trained to take advantage of these new tools. Upskilling is not just an option - it's a necessity if we want to realize AI's full potential.
Empowering a new workforce dynamic
As older systems and work practices give way to AI-driven operations, utilities need a new breed of workers who are not only familiar with water systems but also comfortable with data analytics and machine learning.
Here, we explore the top three fastest-growing occupations we predict, along with the evolution of traditional roles in response to the increasing adoption of AI:
1. Data scientists and information security analysts:
Specialists ensuring seamless data integration, cyber security, and algorithm refinement.
2. Mid-level technicians and systems managers:
AI becomes a decision-support tool, helping technicians prioritize maintenance and respond proactively to anomalies.
3. Senior engineers and managers:
Leaders use AI to inform capital planning, regulatory compliance, and strategic decision-making.
Our next blog will explore this transformation in more detail, offering actionable strategies for building a future-ready workforce.
From hype to real solutions: the AI blueprint
It’s easy to get swept up in the hype surrounding AI, but the real power of this technology lies in its ability to solve specific, pressing problems for utilities.
Many have jumped into AI initiatives without a clear plan, only to find that the technology fails to deliver on its promises. But when applied thoughtfully and strategically, AI can provide real, measurable results.
The integration of predictive AI is a journey, not a destination. So, what does the AI blueprint look like when enhancing process efficiency in water utilities?
Here’s a step-by-step guide when considering AI for your utility:
Unlocking the future of your utility with AI
Predictive AI is already transforming the water industry, offering practical solutions to urgent challenges. While it’s a powerful tool, it’s not a standalone solution and needs to be part of a broader strategy. With the right infrastructure, tools, and workforce in place, utilities can move beyond reactive problem-solving to proactive management, building smarter and more sustainable systems for the future. Now is the time to start building a roadmap for AI integration.
As your sustainable transformation partner, Arcadis combines decades of expertise with cutting-edge technology to guide you through this journey. Whether you’re starting from scratch or looking to optimize your current systems, our intelligent water solutions are tailored to address your unique challenges, helping you deliver operational efficiency, ensure compliance, and secure the trust of your stakeholders.
Ready to reimagine what’s possible for your utility? Connect with an Arcadis expert today to explore how we can help you adopt AI to not just solve today’s challenges but lead the way in shaping the future of water management.
Stay tuned for our next perspective in our ‘AI for Water’ series, where we explore in detail workforce readiness and ethical use of AI in the water sector.
AI for Water: a game-changer or a pipe dream?
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AI in the water industry: Will it enhance or replace human expertise?
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